This article explores the social representation of Information Technology and Network Society from Barthes' semiology, using his ideas about myth creation and the connotation of ideological discourses through naturalization. Supplemented with some concepts from Peirce and Santaella, we try to identify and understand these mystification mechanisms and how they affect the creation of an information order; in this case, a digital order. We conclude that we are before an evangelizing discursive alignment based on mythical elements arisen from our aversion to (...) uncertainty, the energy-saving principle, and an engineering discourse guided by the urgency of profit and power. We highlight the presence of a reckless narrative that permanently repeats the urgent need for information technology and digitalization without considering side effects or costs. (shrink)

O presente artigo deseja evidenciar que, ainda que a libido e a sexualidade tenham sido incluídas no conceito de Eros a partir de Além do princípio do prazer, a sexualidade no interior no pensamento freudiana não perdeu seu caráter disruptivo e não deixou de ser considerada como causa de profundas perturbações para a vida psíquica humana. Para tal, serão reconstruídos os argumentos sobre a natureza conservadora das pulsões e se procurará propor a ideia de que os conceitos de expansão, repetição (...) e conservação, intimamente associados à dinâmica pulsional, não podem ser vistos como elementos que teriam retirado à sexualidade sua natureza disruptiva e conflitiva no interior da obra freudiana. (shrink)

Information is a central notion for cognitive sciences and neurosciences, but there is no agreement on what it means for a cognitive system to acquire information about its surroundings. In this paper, we approximate three influential views on information: the one at play in ecological psychology, which is sometimes called information for action; the notion of information as covariance as developed by some enactivists, and the idea of information as minimization of uncertainty as presented by Shannon. Our main thesis is (...) that information for action can be construed as covariant information, and that learning to perceive covariant information is a matter of minimizing uncertainty through skilled performance. We argue that the agent’s cognitive system conveys information for acting in an environment by minimizing uncertainty about how to achieve her intended goals in that environment. We conclude by reviewing empirical findings that support our view and by showing how direct learning, seen as instance of ecological rationality at work, is how mere possibilities for action are turned into embodied know-how. Finally, we indicate the affinity between direct learning and sense-making activity. (shrink)

In Fact, Fiction and Forecast, Nelson Goodman claims that the problem of justifying induction is not something over and above the problem of describing valid induction. Such claim, besides suggesting his commitment to the collapse of the distinction between the context of description and the context of justification, seems to open the possibility that the new riddle of induction could be addressed empirically. Discoveries about psychological preferences for projecting certain classes of objects could function as a criterion for determining which (...) predicates are after all projectible. In this paper, I argue that Goodman's claim must be construed within his project for constructional definitions, which is methodologically oriented by reflective equilibrium. The description of inductive practice is committed to the articulation of the extension of the class selected by the predicate ‘valid induction’. The mutual adjustment between theoretical considerations and inductive practice involved in the proposal of a definition of ‘valid induction’ must preserve that practice as much as possible, there is no way to get rid of entrenchment. Empirical discoveries about the psychological mechanism that underlies projections may help that adjustment but they cannot substitute the role played by the entrenchment of predicates. (shrink)

The extended mind thesis claims that at least some cognitive processes extend beyond the organism’s brain in that they are constituted by the organism’s actions on its surrounding environment. A more radical move would be to claim that social actions performed by the organism could at least constitute some of its mental processes. This can be called the socially extended mind thesis. Based on the notion of affordance as developed in the ecological psychology tradition, I defend the position that perception (...) extends to the environment. Then I will expand the notion of affordance to encompass social affordances. Thus, perception can in some situations also be socially extended. (shrink)

This essay focuses on the similarities between Nietzsche’s and Carnap’s views on metaphysics, without ignoring their obvious differences. The essay argues that Nietzsche and Carnap endorse but interpret differently an overcoming metametaphysics characterized by the conjunction of the following three claims: an overcoming of metaphysics ought to be performed; this overcoming is to be performed by adopting a method of linguistic analysis that is suspicious of the metaphysical use of language and that interprets such use through a different use of (...) language which aims to avoid metaphysics; and this overcoming contributes to the political task of resisting “diseased” metaphysical practices and promoting “healthy” non-metaphysical practices. (shrink)

Resumen Art as Experience de J. Dewey es una obra clave para quienes se encuentran interesados en la estética. En este artículo nos proponemos mostrar que una mirada contemporánea que rescate los mejores aspectos de este libro debe, necesariamente, relacionar la estética con algunos aspectos de su pedagogía y su filosofía de la educación.Dewey’s Art as Experience is an indispensable work for people interested in aesthetics. Our purpose in this article is to show that a contemporary reading that rescues the (...) book’s best aspects must necessarily relate it to some aspects of Dewey’s pedagogy and his philosophy of education. We attempt to show this relationship in our article. (shrink)

Este artigo é dividido em dez seções. Das seções 1 a 4, faz-se uma reconstrução da teoria schopenhaueriana da liberdade. Será mostrado que Schopenhauer adota uma definição negativa de liberdade, sendo esta a simples ausência de necessidade. A partir da quinta seção, mostramos que esta definição é insuficiente, pois a liberdade negativa restringe-se à inação. Em seguida, busca-se a partir de Schopenhauer uma definição positiva de liberdade. Julgamos encontrá-la na identidade entre Ser e Querer, pela qual o agente quer-se de (...) acordo com aquilo que se é, mas também é de acordo com aquilo que quer ser. Esta correspondência entre Ser e Querer — que também pode ser chamada de asseidade — encontra corroboração no sentimento de orgulho. (shrink)

No interior do pensamento de Dewey, a gênese da estética merece mais atenção do que lhe é dada na literatura. Um aspecto, em especial, tem sido virtualmente negligenciado — com as notáveis exceções de Robins 2015, Ueno 2016, Hein 2017 e Granger 2018a e 2018b — a saber, os vínculos com Albert Coombs Barnes. Nossa hipótese é que Barnes desempenhou um papel relevante na “virada estética” da filosofia madura de Dewey. Neste artigo, nós tomamos um primeiro passo rumo ao esclarecimento (...) da relação entre eles e uma tentativa de mostrar a influência do colecionador de arte na obra do filósofo. (shrink)

Why is space 3-dimensional? The fi rst answer to this question, entirely based on Physics, was given by Ehrenfest, in 1917, who showed that the stability requirement for n-dimensional two-body planetary system very strongly constrains space dimensionality, favouring 3-d. This kind of approach will be generically called "stability postulate" throughout this paper and was shown by Tangherlini, in 1963, to be still valid in the framework of general relativity as well as for quantum mechanical hydrogen atom, giving the same constraint (...) for space{dimensionality. In the present work, before criticizing this methodology, a brief discussion has been introduced, aimed at stressing and clarifying some general physical aspects of the problem of how to determine the number of space dimensions. Then, the epistemological consequences of Ehrenfest's methodology are critically reviewed. An alternative procedure to get at the proper number of dimensions, in which the stability postulate - and the implicit singularities in three-dimensional physics - are not an essential part of the argument, is proposed. In this way, the main epistemological problems contained in Ehrenfest's original idea are avoided. The alternative methodology proposed in this paper is realized by obtaining and discussing the n-dimensional quantum theory as expressed in Planck's law, de Broglie relation and the Heisenberg uncertainty relation. As a consequence, it is possible to propose an experiment, based on thermal neutron di raction by crystals, to directly measure space dimensionality. Finally the distinguished role of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in the determination of space dimensionality is stressed. (shrink)

An open question in the semantics of modality is what relations there are among different modal flavours. In this article, we consider the thorny issue of whether ascribing to an agent the obligation to φ implies that it is possible for the agent to φ. Traditionally, this issue has been interpreted as whether ‘ought’ implies ‘can’. But another linguistic interpretation is available as well, namely, whether ‘must’ implies ‘can’ (MIC). We show that ‘must’ does imply ‘can’ via a convergent argument. (...) The first strand of the argument is theoretical: it consists in proving MIC from a well-established theory of modality in natural language, i.e., that proposed by Kratzer. The second strand is empirical: we present novel acceptability judgment studies showing that MIC predicts and explains the linguistic behaviour of native English speakers. (shrink)

The argument from illusion/hallucination have been proposed many times as supporting the strong conclusion that we are always perceiving directly sense-data. In Sense & Sensibilia, Austin argues that this argument is based on a “mass of seductive (mainly verbal) fallacies”. In this paper, I argue that Austin's argumentative moves to deconstruct the argument from illusion is better understood if they are seen as due to his implicit commitment to some disjunctivist conception of perception. His considerations should be taken as a (...) depth discussion about how to conceive perception. If we conceive the perceptual capacity disjunctively, even the weaker conclusion that we sometimes perceive sense-data does not hold. In response to Austin, Ayer claimed that the strong conclusion of the argument from illusion could be sustained by the method of the possibility of error. I argue that this method alone does not sustain that conclusion and the controversy turns back to the conflict between different conceptions of perception. The argument from illusion is philosophically interesting by putting in evidence the problem of how the perceptual capacity should be articulated and conceived. Although matters of fact are relevant to this question, they alone do not decide it. (shrink)

Esta pesquisa analisa as motivações de Heidegger para colocar em questão o sentido do ser,conforme seu projeto em _Ser e Tempo_, publicado em 1927, no qual analisa a metafísica tradicional e chega à conclusão de que a história da filosofia se deteve a refletir apenas sobre os entes, esquecendo-se do ser. No §6 de _Ser e Tempo_, Heidegger assume como tarefa a destruição da história da ontologia. Por isto, tece profundas críticas à categorização do ser na _Vorhandenheit_ grega – em (...) Platão e Aristóteles – e desarticula o racionalismo de René Descartes. Para os gregos, o ser consistia em uma essência previamente estabelecida, e caracterizava-se pela universalidade, infinitude e imutabilidade. Em Descartes, com a elaboração da _res cogitans _e _res extensa_, assujeitou-se o _Dasein_ e a dualidade entre sujeito e objeto foi fortificada. Heidegger, por seu turno, objetivou o desenvolvimento de uma filosofia que desarticulasse a metafísica proposta pela tradição (incluindo-se a corrente racionalista), e aludiu que o _Dasein_, isto é, o ente humano, pelo seu caráter ontológico, não possui essência prévia – é um ente existencial – e não é um sujeito dual – pois é um _ser-no-mundo_. Logo, não há, na natureza humana, elementos que caracterizam o ser do ente humano antes da sua existência propriamente dita, porque é apenas na existência e nos horizontes de temporalidade que o _Dasein_ se constitui e se percebe como ente aberto às possibilidades mundanas. A filosofia heideggeriana, neste sentido, pode ser relacionada com a educação, já que os diferentes saberes são construídos coletivamente, na relação ser-com (_mitsein_). Partindo da ontologia de Heidegger, a educação é uma ferramenta que possibilita o direcionamento do ser do estudante à autenticidade existencial. (shrink)

In this article it is shown that a careful analysis of Kant 's Gedanken von der wahren Schätzung der lebendigen Kräfte und Beurtheilung der Beweise leads to a conclusion that does not match the usually accepted interpretation of Kant 's reasoning in 1747, according to which the young Kant supposedly establishes a relationship between the tridimensionality of space and Newton's law of gravitation. Indeed, it is argued that this text does not yield a satisfactory explanation of space dimensionality, and actually (...) restricts itself to justifying the tridimensionality of extension. (shrink)

Resumo: O artigo enfoca duas questões abordadas pelo transhumanismo: imortalidade e longevidade. A primeira parte apresenta alguns contornos do programa transhumanista e a sua motivação. A segunda discute até que ponto a promessa de imortalidade não pode ser cumprida pela ideia de fazer o upload do cérebro na internet. A terceira parte se concentra na longevidade e mostra por que o programa transhumanista para idosos falha. Palavras-chave: Transhumanismo. Imortalidade. Longevidade. Upload de cérebro na internet.

In business administration or in economics it is absolutely relevant not to consider indexes like profit growth rate or gross domestic product as exhaustive indexes for economic wealth. Likewise, in biology it is important not to confuse the representation of life with life itself. The most important concepts in biology are information, memory, structure, plasticity, and robustness. Information is the difference that makes the difference. Memories are information registered in an organism. Plasticity is the capacity of a living organism to (...) change its own structure/sets of behaviors for having a competitive advantage. Robustness is the ability of a living organism to resist environmental changes without changing its own structure/sets of behavior, and fragility is when a living organism undergoes changes in its own structure without being able to resist non-adaptive changes. (shrink)

Ainda que a estética de John Dewey tenha sido assunto de uma grande quantidade de estudos conduzidos através de abordagens muito diferentes há uma ausência de contribuições capazes de reconhecer vínculos entre a estética de Dewey e a história da arte. Neste artigo, analisamos três obras de arte da Antiguidade tardia, principalmente, seguindo os conceitos-chave de Dewey de análise formal e desvio, para reconstruir a experiência estética do autor, o observador e o patrono de cada obra de arte. Nosso propósito (...) é duplo. Primeiro, queremos demonstrar que uma abordagem baseada na teoria de Dewey é frutífera quando se estuda obras de arte antigas. Segundo, queremos demonstrar que uma interpretação pragmatista da arte antiga tardia é mais frutífera e menos reducionista do que as tradicionais. (shrink)

Is ruling out the possibility that one is dreaming a requirement for a knowledge claim? In “Philosophical Scepticism and Everyday Life” (1984), Barry Stroud defends that it is. In “Others Minds” (1970), John Austin says it is not. In his defense, Stroud appeals to a conception of objectivity deeply rooted in us and with which our concept of knowledge is intertwined. Austin appeals to a detailed account of our scientific and everyday practices of knowledge attribution. Stroud responds that what Austin (...) says about those practices is correct in relation to the appropriateness of making knowledge claims, but that the skeptic is interested in the truth of those claims. In this paper, we argue that Stroud’s defense of the alleged requirement smuggles in a commitment to a kind of internalism, which asserts that the perceptual justification available to us can be characterized independently of the circumstances in which we find ourselves. In our reading of Austin, especially of Sense & Sensibilia, he rejects that kind of internalism by an implicit commitment to what is called today a “disjunctive” view of perception. Austin says that objectivity is an aspect of knowledge, and his disjunctivism is part of an explanation of why the alleged requirement is not necessary for a knowledge claim. Since both Stroud and Austin are committed to the objectivity of knowledge, Stroud may ask which view of perceptual knowledge is correct, whether the internalist or the disjunctive. We argue that by paying closer attention to what Austin says about our practices of knowledge attribution, one can see more clearly that it is grounded not only on a conception of objectivity, but also on a conception of ourselves as information agents, a conception that is as deeply rooted as that of the objectivity of knowledge. This gives us moral and practical reasons to favor the disjunctive view of perception. (shrink)

Metascientific criteria used for explaining or constraining physical space dimensionality and their historical relationship to prevailing causal systems are discussed. The important contributions by Aristotle, Kant and Ehrenfest to the dimensionality of space problem are considered and shown to be grounded on different causal explanations: causa materialis for Aristotle, causa efficiens for young Kant and an ingenious combination of causa efficiens and causa formalis for Ehrenfest. The prominent and growing rôle played by causa formalis in modern physical approaches to this (...) problem is emphasized. (shrink)

The extended mind thesis claims that some mental states and cognitive processes extend onto the environment. Items external to the organism or exploratory actions may constitute in part mental states and cognitive processes. In Clark and Chalmers’ original paper, ‘The Extended Mind’, this thesis receives support from the parity principle and from the active externalism. In their paper, more emphasis is given to the parity principle, which is presented as neutral regarding the nature of cognition. It would be advantageous to (...) maintain that extended mental states and processes do not require a reform of our pre-theoretical view of cognition. In the present paper, I submit that we should give more emphasis on the active externalism, which, I argue, is not neutral regarding the nature of cognition. Cognition is viewed as successful adaptation to a specific task. Although this move may seem at first disadvantageous, it is necessary for the correct understanding and justification of Otto case as an example of extended mental state. Additionally, the parity principle cannot handle Weiskopf’s criticism that information registered in Otto’s notebook is not responsive to reasons. In order to address this criticism, we need to appeal to active externalism and its corresponding view of cognition. (shrink)

Este trabalho tem como objetivo destacar a construção híbrida do romance de formação O fazedor de Velhos (2008) de Rodrigo Lacerda. Dessa forma pretende-se discutir os valores e a manutenção da literatura brasileira para jovens, verificando de qual forma esses valores estão representados no romance de formação, considerando as peculiaridades do gênero. Para tanto, serão analisados em específico os aspectos estruturais da narrativa, tendo como foco a passagem de tempo na constituição da personagem, por um viés intertextual com a literatura (...) universal. Embasado nos pressupostos críticos de Benedito Nunes (1995), Massaud Moisés (2006), Perrone-Moisés (1998), Norman Friedman (2002), visando destacar o papel do escritor contemporâneo e suas contribuições como representante da literatura brasileira juvenil moderna.Palavras-chave: Literatura brasileira contemporânea. Bildungsroman. Rodrigo Lacerda. (shrink)

The concept of substance is considered fundamental in order to understand chemistry and other related concepts, but many problems have been reported about its learning process. Considering the importance of textbooks in the training of chemistry teachers, this study aimed to identify the concepts of substance in general chemistry textbook glossaries. In addition, the study assessed the concepts of substance in relation to other chemical concepts and, when available, compared them with the concepts established by the IUPAC. The methodology employed (...) was content analysis and the results showed that concepts and statements related to the term ‘substance’ are different in the general chemistry textbooks analyzed. They also differ from those stated by IUPAC. Furthermore, it was found that many concepts are dependent on the concept of substance. It is concluded that there must be a greater effort from the community of chemists and the teaching of chemistry in the search for conceptual uniformity to reduce the problems of conceptual understanding. (shrink)

In romantic relationships, individual differences are determinant factors for relational quality. Specifically, romantic attachment and difficulties in emotional regulation influence each other and may have predictive potential for the perceived dyadic adjustment level. This paper aims to identify the developmental parallel between behavioral patterns built since childhood and the construction of the emotional regulation skills that characterize them. Our analysis was based on the attachment theory and the concepts of romantic relationship and DA. In this way, we sought to further (...) the understanding of relationship dynamics, beyond the usual focus on a single element and on associative relationships, and by exploring other effects among the different dimensions of relational functioning. In particular, we explored the predictive ability of emotional regulation patterns in discriminating between RA styles, and their impact on the quality of romantic relationships, in the anticipation of dyadic adjustment variations. (shrink)

Este estudo tem como tema a biblioteca escolar, vista como um espaço pedagógico que promove a vivência empática, analisado em uma perspectiva antropológica e fenomenológica. A justificativa se baseia na dimensão pedagógica e antropológica da biblioteca escolar, que tem a pessoa humana como centro de seus processos e possibilita a reflexão sobre a experiência no mundo social e cultural, bem como a manifestação da intersubjetividade humana. O objetivo geral foi compreender a empatia como ato pedagógico vivenciado na biblioteca escolar, a (...) partir de um viés fenomenológico, e considerando a Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) e a Antropologia Filosófica. A pesquisa foi de natureza teórica, bibliográfica, exploratória e descritiva e se delimitou no conceito de empatia na Antropologia Filosófica e na BNCC, com a finalidade de problematizar e investigar se a vivência empática pode contribuir para o ato pedagógico na práxis cotidiana da biblioteca escolar. Os resultados apontaram que a biblioteca escolar, ao aplicar a vivência empática em sua dimensão pedagógica mediadora, revela a sua concepção antropológica e se constitui como um lugar privilegiado para o ato educativo empático, a pedagogia humanizadora, o diálogo, a reflexão sobre o outro, a promoção do respeito e dos direitos, a formação cidadã, o acolhimento à diversidade social e cultural, a abertura para a subjetividade e as relações intersubjetivas humanas. (shrink)

Analizamos las Misiones Pedagógicas de la Segunda República española, que llevaban cultura, ocio e información a pueblos remotos a través de libros, películas, guiñoles y músicas. Todo ello con una filosofía no dogmatizante que valorizaba la identidad local. El cine propuesto se centraba en películas mayormente mudas, reportajes, comedias y proyecciones fijas, y puede clasificarse en documentales y cine recreativo.

O acesso ao conhecimento, nomeadamente, através da educação e da formação, como agente de inclusão social e digital está na lista de prioridades de diversos organismos internacionais e a preocupação com grupos minoritários, como a população prisional é uma realidade incontornável. A este respeito a literatura também tem sido clara na demonstração de como a educação é fundamental para responder às necessidades daqueles que se encontram no limiar da exclusão social, em risco e vulnerabilidade. Este será um caminho para aumentar (...) a justiça social e reduzir a discriminação através da frequência de cursos de educação e formação. Neste texto procura-se fazer uma breve revisitação histórica da atividade educativa nos presídios em Portugal, com especial destaque para a recente iniciativa desenvolvida pela Universidade Aberta portuguesa, em parceria com a Direção Geral de Reinserção e Serviços Prisionais, relacionada com a criação do Campus Virtual Educonline@pris que se assume como uma academia de formação e educação digital. Pedagogicamente assente no modelo desta instituição apresenta-se, ainda, o desenho de um programa de formação que irá ser desenvolvido num presídio português de jovens adultos reclusos na área das competências e cidadania digital. (shrink)

The nature of quantum waves, whether they are real physical waves or, on the contrary, mere probability waves, has been a very controversial theme since the beginning of quantum theory. Here we present some possible experiments that may clarify the problem.

Our goal in this paper is to discuss the notion of animal knowledge in Judgment and Agency. Our approach has two stages. First, we offer a positive contribution, attempting to show that there is room for the introduction of emotions into an animal knowledge approach and into Sosa’s theory of competence. If we follow Sosa and conceive knowledge as a kind of action or successful performance, then emotions can contribute functionally for enhancing performance and are essential for the sharing of (...) knowledge among social agents. Second, we offer criticism of Sosa’s integrative project. It’s not clear that reflective knowledge always improves animal knowledge; rather, in order to avoid regress, Sosa should recognize that we can have perfectly safe animal knowledge. Finally, we argue that reflective knowledge has a more marginal role than Sosa seems at first sight to suggest. (shrink)

The concepts of “radicalism” and “extremism” have been the focus of increasing scholarly attention in recent years, but, surprisingly, there has not been the same kind of effort to specify their opposites, such as the concept of “moderation.” In this article I argue that because “radicalism” and “extremism” have been defined in generally negative terms, we may deepen and refine our understanding of moderation once we are equipped with a more neutral conception of radicalism. Accordingly, I propose a new approach (...) to the study of radical ideologies by comparing them to literary genres. Just as literary genres use tropes that constrain our reading of a text, radical ideologies use tropes—as, for example, the Marxists’ use of “reactionary” or “bourgeois”—that refer to a much wider background dichotomy, on which they base their arguments to discredit those of their opponents or to reinforce those of their supporters. Using this approach, I show how the Marxist theorist and leading German politician Eduard Bernstein (1850–1932)—one of the founders of modern Social Democracy—made a step-by-step critique of the Social Democratic Party’s orthodox Marxist tropes and core narrative that thoroughly undermined their arguments. Bernstein, I further suggest, was a particularly good example of a political moderate because he did not altogether reject the claims of his radical Marxist opponents but rather accepted those parts of their reasoning that he considered valid. By thus opening the way for constructing an anti-radical Marxist narrative, Bernstein’s example shows how moderates can “steal a page” from the radicals’ playbook to create alternative narratives whose central opponents are the radicals themselves. I conclude by briefly discussing two contemporary thinkers—Norberto Bobbio and Karl Popper—who went further than Bernstein in the development of a fully fleshed anti-radical narrative. (shrink)

Hace ya más de una década que se acuñó el concepto de "elearning", docencia virtual, aprendizaje online y otros similares para referirse a los procesos formativos apoyados total o parcialmente a través de las TIC en general, y particularmente, mediante entornos online. Desde entonces hasta el presente este formato de docencia y aprendizaje ha dejado de ser un fenómeno minoritario para convertirse en una modalidad de oferta educativa generalizada en muchas instituciones formativas.

Doctor in sociology and a researcher at CEAQ (Centre d’Etude sur l’Actuel et le Quotidien) of the Sorbonne University Paris Descartes, he is a lecturer at the Sorbonne, the founder and head of the GRIS (Groupe de Recherche sur l’Image en Sociologie).

Este texto analisa quatro artigos que trataram de debates contemporâneos da historiografia latino-americana, bem como busca apontar possíveis diálogos entre os mesmos. São novos olhares sobre estudos de temáticas nacionais específicas, como no caso guatemalteco e paraguaio, ou no diálogo com a própria teoria. Isto implicou deslocar de uma zona de conforto a própria historiografia nacional para o caso colombiano, ou mesmo para o conjunto das ciências humanas, a partir da constituição de epistemologias vinculadas à descolonização do saber.

DIREITO E MÚSICA: UM DIÁLOGO ENTRE CABALLERO HARRIET E CALLE 13 ACERCA DA GLOBALIZAÇÃO.